Facilities Management Case Study Essay Example

Facilities Management Case Study Essay Example Facilities Management Case Study Essay Facilities Management Case Study Essay Biotech Case Study: Implementing Predictive Maintenance for Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers Submitted By: Regina Gracia E. Sandoval Carolyn Pulanco Glaiza Bustria Joyce Domingo Jeralyn Barrios Arabelle Loresto OM4A RND Biotech Case Study: Implementing Predictive Maintenance for Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers October 2008 CHALLENGE: * RND Biotech operates 300 ultra-low freezers (-80 °C) that frequently fail, even though maintenance activities are performed on a quarterly basis. RND Biotech is currently replacing freezers as they fail, rather than trying to repair them, to keep up with the required freezer capacity. * When freezers fail, RND Biotech potentially loses product development samples that represent months of research. * RND Biotech would like to implement a predictive maintenance strategy and continuously monitor freezer function, which they believe will improve uptime, and free up skilled labor for other tasks. * However, they have not found a comprehensive method that is cost-efficient and non-invasive to implement a predictive maintenance strategy. Most alternatives only monitor freezer temperature which is not enough for predictive monitoring. SOLUTION: RND Biotech installed a new automation technology which did not incur any disruption to ongoing processes and required minimal installation cost. The solution, a non-invasive wireless sensor system, allowed RND Biotech to monitor multiple freezer data points, including chamber temperature and compressor amperage. RESULTS: * RND Biotech immediately found distressed freezers and were able to prevent failures. The freezers were able to be repaired, as opposed to replaced, saving approximately $7,000 per freezer. RND Biotech is now able to implement a predictive maintenance strategy for their freezers. Challenge RND Biotech is a biotechnology research and development company. The company has 300 ultra-low freezers (-80 °C), used to store research samples. These freezers are critical to RND Biotech because the samples stored in them represent ongoing research that comprises the co mpany’s product pipeline. Failures of these freezers could potentially result in a loss of years’ worth of research for new products that could be worth billions of dollars in revenue. The facilities group reports that it spends a significant amount of time addressing freezer failures. Records show that approximately twenty work orders per month are freezer related. Additionally, researchers complain that frequent freezer failures impact their ability to focus on their research. When a freezer fails, researchers have to scramble to find space in other freezers to store samples. If the failure occurs during non-working hours, both facilities and research personnel have to come to the facility in order to address the failure. If the failure is not addressed in time, the freezer contents critical research samples or products are lost. The empty freezers have to be defrosted and decontaminated before they can be moved to the maintenance area for troubleshooting and repairs. This process alone can take up to a week. Failures have occurred frequently enough that it is now more convenient for RND Biotech to simply replace the freezers as opposed to repairing them, even though it is not a cost efficient solution. The primary failure mode on ultra-low freezers is at the compressors. The ultra-low freezers each have two compressors. Failure of either compressor directly impacts the freezer’s ability to maintain temperature. Simply monitoring the temperature of the freezer is not enough to preventatively catch failures. By the time the temperature rises, everyone has to react to the impending failure as opposed to preventing it. The primary function of the preventative maintenance procedures is to ensure that the compressors are functioning efficiently. To accomplish this, specific maintenance activities include: * measuring compressor amperage on a quarterly basis to ensure that the compressors are operating within specification and are not overworked * de-icing the door gasket on a quarterly basis so that the freezer chamber is properly sealed * maintaining the filters on a semi-annual basis so that proper air flow and temperature is achieved around the compressors * defrosting and de-icing the freezer on an annual basis to prevent ice buildup in the freezer chamber Even with such rigorous maintenance of the ultra-low freezers, there are still a significant number of failures occurring and disrupting operations. The facilities group is looking for a way to be able to detect potential problems with freezers before they fail so that the impact on operations is minimized. Implementing Predictive Maintenance RND Biotech would like to implement a predictive maintenance strategy for their ultra-low freezers. Their goal is to get ahead of their failures and maximize equipment uptime. In order to accomplish this, the facilities group would need to be able to monitor the freezer compressors on a frequent and regular basis, in order to observe the normal mode of operation of the freezers. Current preventative maintenance procedures only allow facilities to take a snapshot of compressor operation at the time the maintenance is performed. The Cypress Solution Cypress Systems offers a Wireless Freezer Monitor (WFM) designed to check the overall health of the freezers. This battery operated device can be installed on a freezer to monitor compressor amperage and freezer temperature on pre-defined intervals. The data is wirelessly transmitted back to the Cypress server, where it can be trended via a web interface. Wireless data collection allows the freezers to be moved if needed without reinstalling hard-wired sensors. The battery operated device eliminates the need to have additional power available for monitoring tools. Results RND Biotech tested the Cypress wireless freezer monitor solution and installed WFMs on a pilot of twenty freezers, at a cost of $2000 per freezer. At the onset of the project, the expectation was that 10% of the freezers were not performing optimally. RND Biotech immediately found 20%, or four, of their freezers that were now monitored were not functioning optimally. Problems they saw included compressors not cycling off or compressors cycling on and off too frequently. Both situations indicated that the freezers were working harder than they should and needed to be repaired. All four freezers were all eventually repaired rather than replaced. The replacement cost per freezer would have been $12,000. The repair cost was approximately $5,000 per freezer. RND Biotech was able to save $28,000. Additionally, if a researcher had to reproduce lost samples, it could potentially cost $7,000 or more in labor and material costs. The initial investment in the Cypress solution for the twenty freezers was $40,000. The financial payback was under two years. RND Biotech was greatly impressed with the ability they gained to coordinate the repair activities without having to scramble. Value of Predictive Maintenance for Freezers The immediate benefit of the Cypress Wireless Freezer Monitor system was that the facilities group could plan their repair activities with research, rather than have to scramble to find freezer space for their samples. They were able to prioritize which freezers were more critical to address. Financially, the project had an immediate payback, based on the number of freezers that were in distress and the new capability for RND Biotech to coordinate repairing their freezers before they fail as opposed to purchasing new ones. The value that they see includes: reducing the frequency of freezer failures nd emergency response situations mitigating the risk of loss in RND Biotech’s product pipeline troubleshooting freezer work orders more easily by viewing amperage and temperature trends and even reducing the number of work orders submitted for freezer problems minimizing required maintenance activities, reducing maintenance time having the ability to plan maintenance and repair acti vities around research activities becoming more â€Å"green† by replacing fewer freezers saving energy by repairing compressors as soon as problems becomes evident, rather than only observing problems during maintenance or when failures occur Based on these overall benefits and proven utility, RND Biotech now plans to install the Cypress wireless freezer monitors on all their ultra-low freezers.

m2 A5 Essay

m2 A5 Essay m2 A5 Essay Choose Intuition The choices one is constrained to make can have long-lasting effects. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† written by George Orwell, writes a short story about a past event from his life when he had chosen against his conscience while serving as a British police officer in Burma. Orwell’s misery, moral dilemmas, and his pride prevents him from feeling satisfied and fulfilled with his life. Being apart of British imperialism that Orwell hated, along side of his job, and the hatred towards the Burmese natives. Orwell felt isolated and mentally weak being unable to share his thoughts on imperialism as being â€Å"evil† with his fellow partners nor with the Burmese. He observed â€Å"the dirty work of Empire at close quarters,† the cruel imprisonments that the British used to to enforce their control over Burma. An â€Å"utter silence† that was imposed on everyone is a result of the reasoning behind imperialism. The British thinking that they were different, believing their culture had more power than Burma. Therefore, the British were thought to h ave been superior, and that they were to rule Burma. No one was seen as being equal, an invisible wall divided them. Orwell’s hatred for the Burmese is caused by their bitter feelings against the Europeans. He felt like an â€Å"obvious target† being a police officer, and that he was â€Å"baited† when not paying close attention. Being tripped by a Burman at a soccer game, â€Å"the crowd yelled with hideous laughter,† which hurt Orwell’s ego. He felt stuck between the hatred of the empire he was serving and rage towards the â€Å"evil-spirited little beasts.† His helping with oppressing the Burmese caused him to feel guilty and to hate his job. The moral dilemma that Orwell is faced with is that he must choose between two options. He is notified about a tamed elephant under the influence of a â€Å"must† has broken loose and terrorizing, Orwell takes a rifle in hope the noise might scare off a potential charging elephant. When finding that a coolie has been killed by the elephant he trades in his rifle for a much larger gun that was to be used for self defense. The Burmese who are following him assume that, since he now has an elephant gun he has decided to kill the beast. The crowed grows quicky to over two thousand natives. When Orwell sights the elephant, he â€Å"knew with perfect curtainty that I ought not to shoot him.† The â€Å"must† is leaving, and the elephant is peacefully eating grass. Orwell â€Å"did not in the least want to shoot him,† knowingly that by doing so would be destroying a valuable and useful creature. The crowed of the Burmese silently demands a show, they expect a â€Å"sahib† to act without wavering. One options is to

Opportunity Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opportunity Costs - Essay Example sources are never enough to satisfy human needs and wants, and the concept of opportunity cost, therefore, informs choices among alternative use of resources. Individuals, firms and governments face opportunity cost from time to time in their efforts to allocate resources for the most suitable purpose (Keat & Young, 2006). At an individual level, one may want to pay for mortgage and buy a car given a certain level of resource available. While both the car and mortgage are equally important to the individual, the individual may forego the car and make the mortgage payment. The individual pays for the mortgage at the expense of the car. The car is the next-best alternative given up when the individual pays for the mortgage. In a firm’s context, the firm may want to maximize shareholders’ wealth and at the same time retain significant profits for firm operations. If the firm chooses to maximize shareholders’ wealth at the expense of retaining more profits for the firm, more profits becomes the foregone item (Douma & Schreuder, 2008). In the choice made in this case, the next-best alternative is shareholder wealth maximization. Governments also face opportunity cost. A government may want to finance a healthcare project while it also needs to acquire more military equipment using the same resources. Choosing to finance the healthcare project over acquiring military equipment makes military equipment acquisition the foregone item. The choice to finance healthcare makes military equipment acquisition the next-best

Contemporary And International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Contemporary And International Marketing - Essay Example of globalization has forced countries and the businesses to broaden their strategies and implement these strategies in other markets to expand the size of their business and economies. Moreover, televisions, cameras, telecommunication services and products and electronic gadgets are in great demand by consumers and businesses, who are involved in producing these products and services, see this increasing demand as a great opportunity to produce even greater revenues. The expansion of business can be in the form of foreign direct investments, Greenfield ventures, licensing and franchising or by opening up a subsidiary in cross border regions. Businesses can be involved in international markets for the sake of achieving benefits and significance of production based on the increased supply and demand in foreign markets (Lukac). In Sony’s case, the Japanese conglomerate decided to expand into international markets for the sake of delivering benefits of its products and services to the customers all around the base and in return, maximizing its annual revenues and shareholders’ wealth (Sony Corporation). Sony has divided its business into five geographic regions. These are Japan region, United States region, European region, Asia-Pacific region and Other Areas which include different markets in Africa, North and South America and Oceania. Sony makes its major profits in United States, Japan and European regions, thanks to the bulk selling of its communication gadgets and television in these regions. Sony’s annual revenues in 2011 were amounted to around 7,181,273 Japanese Yen which are -0.0045% lower than the revenues reported in 2010 (Sony Corporation). Sony considers four emerging markets as its future prospects for setting up factories and operational facilities... This report stresses that Sony offers a variety of standardized products through the geographic regions in which it is doing business. These products can be classified as electronic devices, games and entertainment solutions. These categories includes a range of televisions and projectors, home theatres, cameras, laptops, games, portable entertainment solutions, cellular phones, batteries and chargers, peripheral devices and etc. Reason for producing and delivering standardized products to the target customers at dispersed locations is the high cost of producing and delivering differentiated products. Moreover, consumers’ preferences for electronic goods and gadgets are same all around the world which allows Sony to sell its trademark and standard products throughout. This paper makes a conclusion that the review of Sony Corporation’s business reveals that the company has established itself as the manufacturer of quality electronic goods and gadgets. The consistency in quality delivered to the customers and after sales service makes Sony the world’s largest manufacturer of electronic goods and a reliable name in the field, which helps the company to maintain the current market share and attract new customers. Moreover, the massive size of its business, which is dispersed in 5 regions of the world, helps Sony to outclass its competitors, which is supplemented by the strategies adopted by the company regarding its marketing mix.

Counseling African Americans Essay Example for Free

Counseling African Americans Essay Sue and Sue’s Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans spends a great deal of effort exploring cultural particulars and corresponding clinical implications while working with African Americans; factors such as family dynamics, educational orientation, spirituality, and the pressures and stress of racism and marginalization. This offered me perspective through a lens much broader than my own somewhat narrow, predominantly white, and fairly privileged way of relating to the world. Before understanding culturally appropriate interventions, one must have an understanding of the cultural context or the cultural word of an individual. For me, this first means that differences must be noted, either literally in relationship with the African American client or simply as a clinical observation I make on my own. Of course the difference in the two will depend on the client, context, and general relevancy in the moment. In my own experience, noting racial difference aloud with a client has been most helpful in that it gives permission for the potentially â€Å"taboo† topic of race and differences to be considered, brought into the space at a later time, and even into the forefront of consciousness. Apart from the explicit therapeutic relationship, noting difference is a personal reminder that I am no expert on anyone’s experience but my own, I may make mistakes (and probably will), I should steer clear of assumptions, it’s ok to be curious, and to do my homework. Once a general understanding of differences is established, then one can begin to consider appropriate therapeutic interventions. Let’s take the issue of racism and discrimination; the byproduct of these atrocities oftentimes manifests as defense and survival mechanisms in Black Americans. Which can lead to a general mistrust or as it’s stated (by Sue and Sue) a â€Å"healthy cultural paranoia†, as a way of coping. This mistrust can be of individuals, entire races of people, the government, social service providers†¦ With this in mind, it’s important to determine what the client’s feelings and understandings about therapy are. To touch base and explain what kind of therapy I engage in, how it can be helpful to them, and what can be expected of our time together. Hopefully this will help to assuage uneasy feelings of fear of the unknown or mistrust, as well as set up a foundation for a healthy therapeutic alliance. Although Sue and Sue’s Afrocentric perspective can be helpful it can also simultaneously be viewed as reductive. It’s important not to discount individual differences by universalizing traits of African Americans. Self cannot be defined as a unitary concept evolving from a single defining variable, such as race or gender (Williams, 1999). For instance, not all women are nurturing, caring, and relational. Similarly, not all African Americans possess an African ethos of communalism or spirituality. Race, class, sexual orientation, and gender are all complex interactive components that make up the self. To approach a client through the lens of only one of these variables, means potentially silencing a central component of their identity. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider an internal state without regard to the social demands of each variable. Collectively, these considerations can aide to a more holistic view when working with African American clients. Part Two After spending a year in practicum at the SF county jail, I feel as though I’ve had a fairly decent introduction to working with African American females. When I began practicum I had had very little training in diversity or cross-cultural counseling. Turns out that a year in the jail was one large training in diversity and cross-cultural counseling! Now I’m able to pin my personal experience against the readings and gauge my success as a culturally competent therapist. When assessing my strengths, I find that I possess a keen and tremendously empathic understanding of how the stress of racism, sexism, and oppression can manifest in African American women. Oftentimes the byproduct of this stress is what brings the individual to jail. As a clinician, I can confidently say that I am able to enter the therapeutic relationship with a greater capacity for empathy because of this understanding and build a strong alliance as an ally as well as a therapist. I’m not afraid to make mistakes and have no attachment to being â€Å"right†; these qualities will only support me as a clinician. In addition, my upfront demeanor and willingness to self-disclose have had a remarkable impact on the therapeutic relationship. My empathy is strongly with women and their plight of identifying and addressing all the â€Å"isms† that stand between them and equality, wholeness, and health. Frequently, those â€Å"isms† are at the hands of men and I certainly have a bias towards this, and towards men in general. It’s no accident that I spent an entire year of practicum working solely with women; although it wasn’t a conscious choice, I believe on some level I chose not to work with men. I have incredible biases towards men as perpetrators and oppressors and men and their privilege, African American men as well as Caucasian. These biases keep me terrified at the thought of working with male clients. I imagine heaps and heaps of countertransference between male clients and myself; countertransference that is full of pain and rage. I’m not sure that I have much to offer men inside the therapeutic space. I don’t believe this to be my â€Å"final answer†, I just know that I have some work to do around my relationship with men before I make the leap of working with them in such sacred space. Essentially, it all comes down to two core qualities- and they are humility and flexibility; humility in all that I think I know and the flexibility to shift or discard that knowledge. My experience of working with, knowing, and reading about African American culture, difference, and oppression may or may not serve me as a therapist at any given moment. What works for and makes sense in the context of Client A, may not be so for Client B, and vise versa. Although it is crucial to have fundamental knowledge of the legacy of oppression against African American people and to consider factors such as interdependence, collectivism, and emotional vitality as presumed long- standing black personality traits, I must also be able to draw connections between those factors and the individual experience- much like the womanist techniques mentioned in Carmen Braun Williams’ article African American Women, Afrocentrism and Feminism: Implications for Therapy. As a therapist, I am responsible for guiding and supporting the client in making the shift from object to subject; transferring ownership of self from one whose self is externally determined to one who is self- determining (Freire, 1990). And practice practice practice, with an open heart, ears, and mind. References Braun Williams, C. (1999). African American women, afrocentrism and feminism: Implications for therapy. Women Therapy, Vol. 22(4) 1999. Freire, P. (1990). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. Sue, D. Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice, Chapter 14.

Workplace Privacy Essay -- Workplace Privacy Essays

Workplace Privacy Background As a director for the American Red Cross of Santa Monica, not only am I constantly faced with policy and personnel conflicts, I am also responsible for finding solutions to those conflicts. Recently, I was charged with the task of finding a solution to a problem we (as a chapter) had never dealt with before. The American Red Cross is an apolitical organization. During the recent elections, a supervisor in my office sent out emails to many of our colleagues and her friends stating her opinion regarding Proposition 22 (the proposition referring to the status of gay relationships). She was strongly against the issue, and was encouraging everyone to get out and vote against this proposition. The supervisor used her email account at the American Red Cross of Santa Monica to get her message out. Each employee’s email account identifies the Red Cross of Santa Monica in its address. Although the supervisor was acting as a concerned citizen and by no means meant to make her statements as a Red Cross representative, that is exactly how many people who received the message took it. Red Cross clients, volunteers, and staff complained about this supervisor using her Red Cross email to send out her political message. The supervisor made two very large mistakes. Firstly, she sent out a personal message on her company email account. Secondly, she sent that message to business associates, not just friends. The Red Cross of Santa Monica management made two large mistakes as well. Firstly, we had not developed an email/internet policy. Secondly, management would have not known about the situation if people had not complained. There is no monitoring system in plac... ...orporated. 1996 American Red Cross. Human Resources Policy and Procedure Manual. 1999. Cozetto, Don, and Thomas Pedeliski. Public Personnel Administration: Confronting the Challenges of Change. Prentice-Hall 1996. Loudy, David. â€Å"E-Law: Legal Issues Affecting Computer Information Systems And System Operator Liability.† Computer Law Journal Vol. 12 1993. Tech-Netiquette. Home page. April 24, 2000 www.thirdage.com Thomas Lee, Laurie. â€Å"Watch Your E-mail. Monitoring and Privacy Law in the Age of the Electronic Sweatshop.† 28 John Marshall Law Review 139 1994. Turner Baumhart, Julia. â€Å"The Employer’s Right to Read Employee E-mail: Protecting Property of Personal Prying.† 43 Labor Law Journal 923 1992.

Marketing Campaign Essay

The Westfield Shopping Centre provides a complete shopping experience, from arrival until departure. To start, all complexes have exclusive parking lots, where parking your vehicles is safe. Also, the parking is free for the first two hours, and by going into the movies, an extra free hour is earned. For more convenience the Auto Pay system is available where it is possible to pay the parking without waiting in any queue and a Valet Service and car wash are also available. Inside the shopping center, it is possible to find a great amount of all kinds of stores and brands. Furthermore, a Concierge is at hand on the first floor to assist the shoppers, indicating store locations, or for solving any problem. The newest service created by Westfield is the Gift Cards, where the customers can offer their families and friends a card with certain amount of credit where its possible to spend in more than 8.000 stores, or how Westfield prefers to say, the gift of choice. These are some examples of exclusive services that Westfield created and has been innovating to attract and retain even more clients. To assist in this task, the Marketing Department has been evolved specially in the digital field. A Nielsen study showed that Australia is the country with the major average time spent in social media per person, about seven hours a month. Attentive to this market, Westfield has developed digital marketing strategies targeting this kind of customer, the online one. At first, the website is completed renovated, and it is possible to compare between a large amount of retailers and products and make purchases directly from the website. Also, free return methods are available, making the experience of buying online more comfortable. Another digital marketing strategy was the creation of the Westfield Insider, which consists in a blog that is written  by Alyce Cowell that was chosen among 1.450 applicants in a contest. In this blog she shares about her outfits, fashion and lifestyle tips, shopping finds, smart buys, and talk with the consumers about shopping. It’s a very smart strategy since customers trust more in other customer advice. The creation of Super Saturday was also a creation of the Marketing Department, which included in the Australian calendar a day with special deals and discounts, similar to United State’s Black Friday. Furthermore, Westfield launched a mobile app called My Westifield, which gives to the shoppers personalized shopping experiences, with a technology that is called Autograph, which allows the shopper to choose their favorite stores and brands, and then the app will show a wall of content and offers based on their preferences. What is most interesting about this app is the protection of the consumer’s privacy, Westfield doesn’t keep personal information and nor preferences. Also, Westfield has a massive social media presence. One of the top creation is the availability of a stylist that helps consumers with wardrobe dilemmas 24 hours 7 days a week. 3.0 – DETERMINE THE SUCCESS OF THE CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGIES The best method to evaluate the success of Westfield’s digital marketing strategies is using numbers and measuring their social media impact. Using analytics tools available on the web, it is possible to measure the access numbers of a website. In the case of the website www.westfield.com.au, its clear to affirm that it is a successful website. According to the website tools, westfield.com.au is in the 318th position in the raking of the most accessed websites in Australia, have an estimated of 28.000 daily visits and the visitor stays on the website for about 3 minutes, which is a high number, whereas in a browser it is possible to change a content in just one click. An interesting observation is that this website has 4.800 other websites linked to it. The Facebook account has 430.000 likes and 2.2 million visits, and the posts have a lot of interaction specially in posts that contain questions and suggestion ideas, for example, one post that starts the debate about sharing the corridor in two lanes, one fast and one slow, this post has more than 2.000 likes and more than 100 comments. Another relevant number is that Westfield has more than 5.000 followers on  Twitter, and has more than 3.800 followers in the Westfield Insider Instagram account. These numbers and information represents how successful the Westfield’s digital strategies are, and with the innovative and creative marketing department higher numbers and interactions will be reached soon. 4.0– DESCRIBE YOUR CAMPAIGN Due the success of the Gift Card campaign, and based on these remarkable digital strategies, my campaign aims to combine reward cards and the digital medias, with the clear objective to attract more customers, increase the Westfield brand value and be a satisfactory action for the shoppers and the retailers. The idea consists in developing three new cards, but different from the gift card, these new cards will be to reward the owner of the card. The three cards will be known as Silver, Gold and Diamond. These cards will be easily obtained by the customers in every participant retail, remembering that everyone starts with the Silver Card. With this card in hand, each purchase will provide a certain amount of points. Each 5-dollar spent in one Westfield retailer is equal to 1 point in the Silver Card. When the shopper achieves 200 points, they will be able to exchange the Silver Card for the Gold Card. In the Gold Card, the rules change, each 8 dollars spent in one Westfield retailer is equal to 1 point. And to be promoted to the Diamond Card, the shopper needs to achieve 300 points. When the shoppers achieve this amount, they will be able to enter in a select group of the Diamond Cards shoppers. Each card will benefit the shoppers in a different way. The silver card allows the shopper to receive special offers and to participate in promotions. Obviously, if there is a lot of silver cards, the odds of winning is lower, so which card provides a more exclusive rewards. With the Gold Card, besides receiving special offers, consumers will be able to participate in promotions with highly valuable rewards such as travels and cars, and to receive invitations to stores openings and brands tests. And the special clients who achieve the Diamond Card will be a VIP shopper, they will participate in promotions with higher valuable offers, special invitations for parties and VIP passes and have a private lounge in the shopping when they can drink a coffee, use Wi-Fi, receive a massage, just like an exclusive airport room for VIP passengers. The retailers will also  benefit from this campaign, because they will purpose the special offers, so will provide more interaction with the customers, the perfect time to announce a new collection or a settlement. And all the Westfield digital media will be available for them to use and disclose themselves. Therefore, this campaign will benefit the shopper, the retailers and specially the Westfield Shopping Center. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexa – Actionable Analytics for the Web, viewed 17 June 2014, Cruz, S. 2011. ‘Westfield Group’s Digital Marketing Strategy viewed 15 June 2014, < www.businessreviewaustralia.com/marketing/company-reports/westfield-groups-digital-marketing-strategy> Dupre, E. 2013. ‘Westfield Balances Personalization with Privacy’ viewed 15 June 2014, Facebook Westfield, viewed 16 June 2014, Instagram Westfield Insider, viewed 16 June 2014, Murton, D. 2012. ‘Australian Marketing Update: Westfield’s Super Saturday, â€Å"Dumb Ways to Die† Karaoke, Nando’s Appoints Digital Agency’ viewed 15 June 2014, URL Mà ©trica, viewed 17 June 2014, Twitter Westfield, viewed 16 June 2014, Westfield Insider Blog, viewed 16 June 2014, Westfield Gift Cards, viewed 15 June 2014, Westfield Website, viewed 15 June 2014,

Methods for Measuring National Income

We have so far been concerned with microeconomic aspects of managerial economics. This chapter onwards, we will deal with macroeconomic aspects of managerial economics. The major aspects of macroeconomics that are generally used in business analysis, especially in analyzing and understanding business environment of the country include (i) the level and trends in national income, (ii) factors determining national income, (iii) factors and forces leading to business cycles, (iv) the trend in general lend of price, especially inflation, (v) international economic aspects, and (vi) government policies, especially fiscal and monetary policies.In this chapter, we will discuss the meaning and methods of measuring national income and the methods of measuring national income in India.10. 1 UNIT OBJECTIVESTo define national income and its importance To discuss various methods of measuring national income To describe the methods used in India for measuring national income To show the growth and trends in national income of India.10. 2 DEFINITION OF NATIONAL INCOMENational income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. Its distribution pattern determines the pattern of demand for goods and services, i. e. , how much of which good is demanded. The trend in national income determines the trends in aggregate demand, i. e. , the demand for the goods and services, and also the business prospects. Therefore, business decision makers need to keep in mind these aspects of the national income, especially those having long-run implications.National income or a relevant component of it is an indispensable variable considered in demand forecasting. Conceptually, national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. These together constitute the national income of a ‘closed economy’—an economy which has no economic transactions with the rest of the world. In an ‘open economy’, national income includes also the net results of its transactions with the rest of the world (i. e.  , exports less imports).Economic activities should be distinguished from the non-economic activities from a national point of view. Broadly speaking, economic activities include all human activities which create goods and services that can be valued at market price. Economic activities include production by farmers (whether for household consumption or for market), production by firms in the industrial sector, production of goods and services by the government enterprises, and services produced by business intermediaries (wholesaler s and retailers), banks and other financial organizations, universities, colleges and  hospitals, etc.On the other hand, non-economic activities are those which produce goods and services that do not have any economic value. Non-economic activities include spiritual, psychological, social and political services. The non-economic category of activities also includes hobbies, service to self, services of housewives, services of members of family to other members and exchange of mutual services between neighbours. We have defined national income from the angle of product flows. The same can be defined in terms of money flows.While economic activities generate flow of goods and services, on the one hand, they generate money flows, on the other, in the form of factor payments—wages, interest, rent, profits, and earnings of self-employed. Thus, national income may also be obtained by adding the factor earnings and adjusting the sum for indirect taxes and subsidies. The national i ncome thus obtained is known as national income at factor cost. It is related to money income flows. The concept of national income is linked to the society as a whole. It differs fundamentally from the concept of private income.Conceptually, national income refers to the money value of the entire final goods and services resulting from all economic activities of the country. This is not true of private income. Also from the calculation point of view, there are certain receipts of money or of services and goods that are not ordinarily included in private incomes but are included in the national incomes, and vice versa. National income includes, for example, employer's contribution to the social security and welfare funds for the benefit of employees, profits of public enterprises, and services of owner occupied houses.But it excludes the interest on war-loans, social security benefits and pensions. There items are, however, included in the private incomes. The national income is, th erefore, not merely an aggregation of the private incomes. One can however obtain an estimate of national income by summing up the private incomes after making necessary adjustments for the items excluded from the national income.10. 3 MEASURES OF NATIONAL INCOME10. 3. 1 Gross National Product (GNP)Of the various measures of national income used in national income analysis, GNP is the most important and widely used measure of national income. It is the most comprehensive measure of the nation’s productive activities. The GNP is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced during a specific period, usually one year, plus incomes earned abroad by the nationals minus incomes earned locally by the foreigners. The GNP so defined is identical to the concept of gross national income (GNI). Thus, GNP = GNI. The difference between the two is only of procedural nature.While GNP is estimated on the basis of product-flows, the GNI is estimated on the basis of money incom e flows, (i. e. , wages, profits, rent, interest, etc. ).NOTES 10. 3. 2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic economy during a period of one year, plus income earned locally by the foreigners minus incomes earned abroad by the nationals. The concept of GDP is similar to that of GNP with a significant procedural difference.In case of GNP the incomes earned by the nationals in foreign countries are added and incomes earned locally by the foreigners are deducted from the market value of domestically produced goods and services. In case of GDP, the process is reverse – incomes earned locally by foreigners are added and incomes earned abroad by the nationals are deducted from the total value of domestically produced goods and services.10. 3. 3 Net National Product (NNP)NNP is defined as GNP less depreciation, i. e. , NNP = GNP – Depreciation Depreciation is that pa rt of total productive assets which is used to  replace the capital worn out in the process of creating GNP. Briefly speaking, in the process of producing goods and services (including capital goods), a part of total stock of capital is used up. ‘Depreciation’ is the term used to denote the worn out or used up capital. An estimated value of depreciation is deducted from the GNP to arrive at NNP. The NNP, as defined above, gives the measure of net output available for consumption and investment by the society (including consumers, producers and the government). NNP is the real measure of the national income.NNP = NNI (net national income). In other words, NNP is the same as the national income at factor cost. It should be noted that NNP is measured at market prices including direct taxes. Indirect taxes are, however, not a point of actual cost of production. Therefore, to obtain real national income, indirect taxes are deducted from the NNP. Thus, NNP–indirect t axes = National Income.10. 3. 4 National Income:Some Accounting Relationships (a) Accounting Indentities at Market Price GNP ? GNI (Gross National Income) GDP ? GNP less Net Income from Abroad  NNP ? GNP less Depreciation NDP (Net Domestic Product) ? NNP less net income from abroad (b) Some Accounting Indentities at Factor Cost GNP at factor cost ? GNP at market price less net indirect taxes Check Your Progress 1. How is national income defined? 2. What are the measures of national income? 3. What is the difference between GNP and GDP? 4. What is meant by NNP? NNP at factor factor factor factor cost ? NNP at market price less net indirect taxes  cost ? NNP at market price less net income from abroad cost ? NDP at market price less net indirect taxes cost ? GDP at market price less Depreciation NOTES10. 4 METHODS OF MEASURING NATIONAL INCOMEFor measuring national income, the economy through which people participate in economic activities, earn their livelihood, produce goods and services and share the national products is viewed from three different angles. (1) The national economy is considered as an aggregate of producing units combining different sectors such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, trade and commerce, etc.(2) The whole national economy is viewed as a combination of individuals and households owning different kinds of factors of production which they use themselves or sell factor-services to make their livelihood. (3) The national economy may also be viewed as a collection of consuming, saving and investing units (individuals, households and government). Following these notions of a national economy, national income may be measured by three different corresponding methods: (1) Net product method—when the entire national economy is considered as an aggregate of producing units;(2) Factor-income method—when national economy is considered as combination of factor-owners and users; (3) Expenditure method—when national econ omy is viewed as a collection of spending units. The procedures which are followed in measuring the national income in a closed economy—an economy which has no economic transactions with the rest of the world—are briefly described here. The measurement of national income in an open economy and adjustment with regard to income from abroad will be discussed subsequently. 10. 4. 1 Net Output or Value-Added Method The net output method is also called the value added method.In its standard form, this method consists of three stages: â€Å"(i) estimating the gross value of domestic output in the various branches of production; (ii) determining the cost of material and services used and also the depreciation of physical assets; and (iii) deducting these costs and depreciation from gross value to obtain the net value of domestic output†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The net value of domestic product thus obtained is often called the value added or income product which is equal to the sum of wages, salaries, supplementary labour incomes, interest, profits, and net rent paid or accrued. Let us now describe the stages (i) and (ii) in some detail.Measuring Gross Value. For measuring the gross value of domestic product, output is classified under various categories on the basis of the nature of activities from which they originate. The output classification varies from country to country depending on (i) the nature of domestic activities; (ii) their significance in aggregate economic activities, and (iii) availability of requisite data. For example, in the US, about seventy-one divisions and subdivisions are used to classify the national output; in Canada and the Netherlands, classification ranges from a dozen to a score; and in Russia, only half a dozen divisions are used.According to the CSO publication, fifteen sub-categories are currently used in India. 300 Self-Instructional Material After the output is classified under the various categories, the value of gross output is computed in two alternative ways: (i) by multiplying the output of each category of sector by their respective market price and adding them together, or (ii) by collective data about the gross sales and changes in inventories from the account of the manufacturing enterprises and computing the value of GDP on the basis thereof.If there are gaps in data, some estimates are made thereof and gaps are filled. Estimating Cost of Production. The next step in estimating the net national product is to estimate the cost of production including depreciation. Estimating cost of production is, however, a relatively more complicated and difficult task because of nonavailability of adequate and requisite data. Much more difficult is the task of estimating depreciation since it involves both conceptual and statistical problems.For this reason, many countries adopt factor-income method for estimating their national income. However, countries adopting net-product method find some ways and means t o calculate the deductible cost. The costs are estimated either in absolute terms (where input data are adequately available) or as an overall ratio of input to the total output. The general practice in estimating depreciation is to follow the usual business practice of depreciation accounting. Traditionally, depreciation is calculated at some percentage of capital, permissible under the tax-laws.In some estimates of national income, the estimators have deviated from the traditional practice and have instead estimated depreciation as some ratio of the current output of final goods. Following a suitable method, deductible costs including depreciation are estimated for each sector. The cost estimates are then deducted from the sectoral gross output to obtain the net sectoral products. The net sectoral products are then added together. The total thus obtained is taken to be the measure of net national products or national income by net product method.10. 4. 2 Factor-Income MethodThis m ethod is also known as income method and factor-share method. Under this method, the national income is calculated by adding up all the â€Å"incomes accruing to the basic factors of production used in producing the national product†. Factors of production are conventionally classified as land, labour, capital and organization. Accordingly, the national income equals the sum of the corresponding factor earning. Thus, National income = Rent + Wages + Interest + ProfitHowever, in a modern economy, it is conceptually very difficult to make a distinction between earnings from land and capital, on the one hand, and between the earnings from ordinary labour and entrepreneurial functions, on the other. For the purpose of estimating national income, therefore, factors of production are broadly grouped as labour and capital. Accordingly, national income is supposed to originate from two primary factors, viz. , labour and capital. In some activities, however, labour and capital are joi ntly supplied and it is difficult to separate the labour and capital contents from the total earnings of the supplier.Such incomes are termed as mixed incomes. Thus, the total factor-incomes are grouped under three categories: (i) labour incomes; (ii) capital incomes; and (iii) mixed incomes. Labour Incomes. Labour incomes included in the national income have three components: (a) wages and salaries paid to the residents of the country including bonus and commission, and social security payments; (b) supplementary labour incomes including employer’s contribution to social security and employee’s welfare funds, and direct pension payments to retired employees2; (c) supplementary labour incomes in kind, e.  g. , free health and education, food and clothing, and accommodation, etc.Compensations in kind in the form of domestic servants and such other free-of-cost services provided to the employees are included in labour income. War bonuses, pensions, service grants are n ot included in labour income as they are regarded as ‘transfer payments’. Certain other categories of income, e. g. , incomes from incidental jobs, gratuities, tips etc. , are ignored for lack of data.Capital Incomes. capital earnings:NOTESAccording to Studenski, capital incomes include the following (a) dividends excluding inter-corporate dividends; (b) undistributed before-tax profits of corporations; (c) interest on bonds, mortgages, and saving deposits (excluding interests on war bonds, and on consumer-credit); (d) interest earned by insurance companies and credited to the insurance policy reserves; (e) net interest paid out by commercial banks; (f) net rents from land, buildings, etc. , including imputed net rents on owneroccupied dwellings; (g) royalties; and (h) profits of government enterprises.The data for the first two items are obtained mostly from the firms' accounts submitted for taxation purposes. But the definition of profit for national accounting purpos es differs from that employed by taxation authorities. Some adjustments in the income tax data become, therefore, necessary. The data adjustments generally pertain to (i) excessive allowance of depreciation made by the firms; (ii) elimination of capital gains and losses since these do not reflect the changes in current income; and (iii) elimination of under or over-valuation of inventories on book-value.Mixed Income. Mixed incomes include earnings from (a) farming enterprises, (b) sole proprietorship (not included under profit or capital income); and (c) other professions, e. g. , legal and medical practices, consultancy services, trading and transporting etc. This category also includes the incomes of those who earn their living through various sources as wages, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc. All the three kinds of incomes, viz. , labour incomes, capital incomes and mixed incomes added together give the measure of national income by factor-income method.10. 4. 3 Expenditure MethodThe expenditure method, also known as final product method, measures national income at the final expenditure stages. In estimating the total national expenditure, any of the two following methods are followed: first, all the money expenditures at market price are computed and added up together, and second, the value of all the products finally disposed of are computed and added up, to arrive at the total national expenditure.The items of expenditure which are taken into account under the first method are (a) private consumption expenditure; (b) direct tax payments; (c) payments to the non-profitmaking institutions and charitable organizations like schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc. ; and (d) private savings. Under the second method, the following items are considered: (a) private consumer goods and services; (b) private investment goods; (c) public goods and services; and (d) net investment abroad. The second method is more extensively used because the data re quired in this method can be collected with greater ease and accuracy.Treatment of Net Income from Abroad.We have so far discussed methods of measuring national income of a ‘closed economy’. But most economies are open in the sense that they carry out foreign trade in goods and services and financial transactions with the rest of the world. In the process, some nations get net income through foreign trade while some lose their income to foreigners. The net earnings or loss in foreign trade affects the national income. In measuring the national income, therefore, the net  result of external transactions are adjusted to the total.Net incomes from abroad are added to, and net losses to the foreigners are deducted from the total national income arrived at through any of the above three methods. Briefly, speaking, all exports of merchandise and of services like shipping, insurance, banking, tourism, and gifts are added to the national income. And, all the imports of the co rresponding items are deducted from the value of national output to arrive at the approximate measure of national income. To this is added the net income from foreign investment.These adjustments for international transactions are based on the international balance of payments of the nations.10. 5 CHOICE OF METHODSAs discussed above, there are three standard methods of measuring the national income, viz. , net product (or value added) method, factor-income or factor cost method and expenditure method. All the three methods would give the same measure of national income, provided requisite data for each method is adequately available. Therefore, any of the three methods may be adopted to measure the national income.But all the three methods are not suitable for all the economies simply for non-availability of necessary data and for all purposes. Hence, the question of choice of method arises. The two main considerations on the basis of which a particular method is chosen are: (i) the purpose of national income analysis, and (ii) availability of necessary data. If the objective is to analyse the net output or value added, the net output method is more suitable. In case the objective is to analyse the factor-income distribution, the suitable method for measuring national income is the income method.If the objective at hand is to find out the expenditure pattern of the national income, the expenditure or final products method should be applied. However, availability of adequate and appropriate data is a relatively more important consideration is selecting a method of estimating national income. Nevertheless, the most common method is the net product method because: (i) this method requires classification of the economic activities and output thereof which is much easier than to classify income or expenditure; and (ii) the most common practice is to collect and organize the national income data by the division of economic activities.Briefly speaking, the easy avail ability of data on economic activities is the main reason for the popularity of the output method. It should be however borne in mind that no single method can give an accurate measure of national income since the statistical system of no country provides the total data requirements for a particular method. The usual practice is, therefore, to combine two or more methods to measure the national income. The combination of methods again depends on the nature of data required and sectoral break-up of the available data.10. 6 MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIACheck Your Progress In India, a systematic measurement of national income was first attempted in 1949. Earlier, many attempts were made by some individuals and institutions. The earliest estimate of India’s national income was made by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867–68. Since then many attempts were made, mostly by the economists and the government authorities, to estimate India’s national income3. These estimate s differ in coverage, concepts and methodology and are not comparable.Besides, earlier estimates were mostly for one year, only some estimates covered a period of 3 to 4 years. It was therefore not possible to construct a consistent series of national income and assess the performance of the economy over a period of time. 5. What are the methods of measuring national income? 6. What is value-added method? 7. What is factor-income method of measuring national income? 8. How is income from abroad adjusted in national income?In 1949, A National Income Committee (NIC) was appointed with P. C. Mahalanobis as its Chairman, and D. R. Gadgil and V. K. R. V. Rao as members. The NIC not only highlighted the limitations of the statistical system of that time but also suggested ways and means to improve data collection systems. On the recommendation of the Committee, the Directorate of National Sample Survey was set up to collect additional data required for estimating national income. Besides, the NIC estimated the country’s national income for the period from 1948–49 to 1950–52.In its estimates, the NIC also provided the methodology for estimating national income, which was followed till 1967. In 1967, the task of estimating national income was given to the Central Statistical Organization (CSO). Till 1967, the CSO had followed the methodology laid down by the NIC. Thereafter, the CSO adopted a relatively improved methodology and procedure which had become possible due to increased availability of data. The improvements pertain mainly to the industrial classification of the activities. The CSO publishes its estimates in its publication, Estimates of National Income.Methodology used in India Currently, net output and factor income methods are used by the CSO to estimate the national income of the country. The output method is used for agriculture and manufacturing sectors, i. e. , the commodity producing sectors. For these sectors, the value added me thod is adopted. Income method is used for the service sectors including trade, commerce, transport and government services. In its conventional series of national income statistics from 1950-51 to 1966-67, the CSO had categorized the income in 13 sectors.But, in the revised series, it had adopted the following 15 break-ups of the national economy for estimating the national income; (i) Agriculture; (ii) Forestry and logging; (iii) Fishing; (iv) Mining and quarrying; (v) Large-scale manufacturing; (vi) Small-scale manufacturing; (vii) Construction; (viii) Electricity, gas and water supply; (ix) Transport and communication; (xii) Real estate and dwellings; (xiii) Public Administration and Defence; (xiv) Other services; and (xv) External transactions. The national income is estimated at both constant and current prices. 10.7 SUMMARY National income is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country over a period of time, generally one year. In general, there are three important measures of national income, viz. , (i) GNP, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP. In measuring GNP, income earned abroad by the nationals is added and income earned by foreigners in the country is subtracted from national income estimates; on the contrary, a reverse process is used in estimating GDP. NNP is defined as GNP–Depreciation. Depreciation equals the loss of national capital in the process of production.There are three methods of measuring national income: (i) Value-added method, (ii) factor-income method, and (iii) expenditure method. The choice of method depends on the availability of data required for estimating national income. Often two or all the three methods are combined to estimate national income. In India, an organisation called CSO estimates the national income. It uses net output and factor income method for estimating national income. 304 Self-Instructional Material10. 8 ANSWERS TO ‘CHECK YOUR PROGRESS’1.National income is defined as t he market value of all final goods and services produced during a period of time, usually one year.2. In general, three measures of national income are used in economic and business anaylsis: (i) GNP, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP.3. The difference between GNP and GDP lies in the treatment of income earned abroad by nationals and income earned by foreigner in the domestic economy. In measuring GNP, income abroad by nationals is added and income earned by foreigners in the country is deducted from the value estimated. In case of GDP, a reverse process is used.4. NNP means GNP less depreciation, i. e. , the value of national capital lost in the process national production.5. There are three methods of measuring national income: (i) net product or value added method, (ii) factor income method, and (iii) expenditure method.6. Under value-added method, first gross value of national product is estimated. Then costs of material and services also depreciation are estimated. These costs are deduct ed from the gross value to arrive at national income.7. In general, factor income method follows the principle that national income = wages + rent + interest + profit. For estimating national income, however, factor incomes are classified as (i) labour income, (ii) capital income, and (iii) mixed income.8. The adjustment of income earned abroad depends on GNP and GDP estimation. In case of GNP, income earned abroad by the citizens of a country is added to the gross value. But in case of GDP, this is deducted from the gross value.10. 9 EXERCISES AND QUESTIONS1. What is the relevance of national income statistics in business decisions?  What kinds of business decisions are influenced by the change in national income?2. Describe the various methods of measuring national income. How is a method chosen for measuring national income?3. Distinguish between net-product method and factor-income method. Which of these methods is followed in India?4. Does the method of measuring national inc ome of a ‘closed economy’ differ from one followed in an ‘open economy’? How is foreign income treated in national income estimates?5. What is value-added? Explain the value-added method of estimating national income.

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child †Health Paper

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child – Health Paper Free Online Research Papers Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child Health Paper Handling techniques refer to therapeutic ways of moving children from one position or place to another during regular activities throughout the day. When used correctly and consistently, proper handling techniques can reinforce the goals of direct treatment and help the child learn new movement patterns. Together with the family and caregivers, the PT/OT will make specific recommendations for each child. The goal of handling is to give the child the most opportunities throughout their day to move with normal tone and with as normal patterns of stability and mobility as possible. It is important to remember that the child must actively participate in an experience in order to learn effectively from it. This means that the child must experience what it is like to actively produce a normal or normalized movement pattern. Then, through repetition of these patterns during active movement, the child will internalize them and be able to use these patterns independently. The more opportunities the child has to experience â€Å"normal†, the more likely it will be that the child will learn to repeat them independently or with less facilitation. This requires instructing family, teachers and caregivers. Components of Treatment: Preparation: Preparation techniques prepare the body for movement. Before movement is possible, the body must have a stable base of support. *Stability is necessary for mobility.* The focus during the preparation phase of treatment is on normalizing tone and providing the child with a stable base of support from which movement will be possible. Normalizing tone: For children whose tone is usually high, slow, rhythmic movements may help to reduce tone. Joint approximation and traction and slow, shaking movements away from the joint are also techniques that may help reduce tone. Weight shifting using patterns of dissociation may also help to reduce tone, as may weight bearing. Environmental and sensory influences may also affect tone. Music with a 60-beat-per-minute tempo (many baroque classical pieces) have been found to have a calming, centering effect that can help to normalize high muscle tone and increase the effectiveness of a treatment session. Brisk movements such as quick bouncing or tapping can help to increase tone in children who are generally hypotonic. Resistance, as in activities that require a child to push or pull a heavy object, can also help increase tone. Vestibular stimulation can help increase tone in the child whose tone is usually low. As with hypertonic children, other environmental and sensory influences may also have an effect. Folk music with a brisk, clear, rhythmic beat has also been found to increase muscle tone and facilitate therapeutic activities. Deep/light pressure: Your fingertip control can represent more or less difficulty for the child. Deep pressure through the whole hand is more reassuring for the child as he has the sensation of another in control and supporting their movements. But controlled movement must be initiated by the child, so it is necessary to slowly release the pressure of your hands until the pressure is so light it is only being applied through your fingertips. The progression from deep to light will depend solely on the response of the child. Hopefully the child will show less tension through decreased compensations in movements as you decrease your control and then show an enjoyment in taking over the movements themselves. Placement: Proximal to distal is another important method of using your hands on the child to assist normalizing tone and allowing the child to take more control of their own movements. The more proximal your hand placement is, the more support and control you offer the child. The most supportive hand placement is on the trunk, which then moves to support the shoulder and hips, before supporting the distal joints of elbows or hands, knees or ankles. For example, holding the child’s hips to facilitate walking gives the therapist more control than holding the child’s hands. Likewise, supporting the child high up on the trunk gives the therapist more control than holding the child lower down on the body. Supporting a child at the waist positioned in sitting on a therapy ball gives the therapist more control over the movement than supporting the child at the hips. The hips and shoulders are often key points of control in facilitating more normalized movement patterns . In rolling, the therapist will facilitate the movement from the child’s hip (and shoulder if necessary) rather than from the knee or waist. As the child gains better control over a movement pattern, the therapist may facilitate from a position of less control or may reduce the amount of facilitation in other ways. Facilitation/inhibition: Facilitation involves helping the child produce a response. Inhibition involves helping the child not produce a response. These two are used together and complement each other in treatment. Facilitating Movement: A stable base of support is necessary for movement. The person must be well balanced in the position. The base should be wide enough to provide stability but not so wide as to inhibit free movements. Once the base of support is established, a person must shift weight before movement is possible. For example, a baby lying on its stomach must shift its weight to the left side, and especially onto the left forearm, in order to reach for a toy with its right hand. A child must shift all its weight onto the right foot to take a step with the left foot. During treatment, the therapist can often facilitate new movement patterns by helping the child shift weight appropriately. This requires hands on guidance but not force. The therapist’s hands very gently guide the child’s body rather than pushing or pulling. The therapist does as little as possible, letting the child experience as much control over the movement as possible. Inhibiting Movement: Inhibition techniques involve the use of positions and movements that help to prevent certain responses or movements. These are used in combination with facilitation techniques when facilitation techniques alone are not effective. For example, the ATNR is triggered when a child turns its head to one side. Keeping the head in midline inhibits the ATNR. Keeping the neck flexed inhibits the total extensor pattern seen in children with very high tone. Positioning: Positioning involves providing the child with external postural supports to help compensate for the child’s internal lack of postural stability. This may involve the use of adaptive equipment however, in many situations with young children, an adult’s body is used in place of adaptive equipment to provide additional support. Positioning is static rather than dynamic. Although in itself not an active form of treatment, positioning can greatly influence the child’s ability to perform in every developmental area. Some important things to remember in regards to positioning: 1. The human body is designed for movement. A child cannot remain in any given position for long periods of time without becoming uncomfortable. The therapeutic benefits of a position begin to decrease as soon as the child begins to struggle to move into a different position, often using compensatory postures to change its position. Ideally, a child should remain inone position for no more than 20 minutes before shifting to a different position or movement activity. 2. Positions selected need to be age appropriate. Young children often play while sitting or even lying on the floor, whereas older children do so much less often. Also, the position should enable the child to participate in activities with the rest of his/her class. A child might fit well in a group activity at the water table when placed in a stander but would not be able to interact as well in the stander during a circle activity when the other children were seated on the floor. 3. Positions need to be selected for function. For example, you might want a child to work on improving head control in sitting. Supportive seating adapted to allow for head movement while providing good trunk support might give the child an opportunity to work on head control during story time, when the child is expected primarily to sit and listen. During mealtime, working on head control and independent finger feeding might be too demanding for the child, and seating that provides additional head support might be needed. Standing might be an appropriate position for play at the sand table but not during mealtime, when it is generally considered inappropriate for people to stand and the position is too demanding to allow the child to fully concentrate on mealtime activities. 4. Young children can tire very easily and children with heart problems, respiratory problems or other health conditions may tire more quickly still. When children are placed in positions that are new to them and then asked to use movement patterns that are also new, they use a lot more effort than with familiar positions and patterns. Staff and parents must always be alert to signal from the child that the position is too demanding or that the child has simply had enough for the time being. Research Papers on Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child - Health PaperThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

How To Fix Your Marketing Strategy With Marcus Sheridan

How To Fix Your Marketing Strategy With Marcus Sheridan When you were younger, who did you go to when you had a tough question? Your single source of truth your dad. These days, when people have questions, they ask a search engine. They go to Alexa! There are big questions that companies are afraid to answer. As marketers, are you listening to questions your customers are asking? Are you answering the right questions? Today, my guest is Marcus Sheridan, author of They Ask You Answer. Premise of Book: Business philosophy of how buyers think, questions they ask, and how they want to learn and buy Elements of Success: Seen as a teacher and trusted voice in your space Many of us think and speak like marketers; be honest when creating content Big 5 subjects that determine what people buy and companies don’t want to address; cost-based, negative/problems, comparison, best of, and reviews Let customers learn from you, not someone else; consumer ignorance is no longer a viable sales and marketing strategy Stop the mindset of digital marketing as an expense and sales team as revenue Get leadership to understand concepts/results of sales and marketing initiative Marketer Psychology: Prophet to the world, but no one listens to you in hometown Why are you producing content? For marketing or sales? The falsehood of too much Emails should include education; refuse to be average Links: They Ask You Answer Marcus Sheridan Marcus Sheridan on LinkedIn Marcus Sheridan’s Email Marcus Sheridan on Twitter The Sales Lion Blog Amazon Alexa Angie’s List Seth Godin Who and what would you like to hear about and from? Send me your feedback! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Marcus Sheridan: â€Å"It’s a business philosophy and it’s an obsession with the way buyers think, the questions they ask, and how they want to learn and how they want to buy.† â€Å"We make a big mistake within the marketing space because, fundamentally, too many of us think and speak like marketers.† â€Å"Big 5: Buyers are obsessed with them. Businesses don’t like to talk about them.† â€Å"Consumer ignorance is no longer a viable sales and marketing strategy.†

The Industrial Revolution in Late 19th Century Essay

The Industrial Revolution in Late 19th Century - Essay Example National Labour Unions were formed to respond to the manner in which people were being evacuated from their farms and an increase in industries led to a misunderstanding between labor and capital.Conversely, there was a rise of numerous challenges that led the state to implement some policies. Social Darwinism took center stage and it was survival of the fittest. The authority of wealthy business firms such as Rockefellers had a great influence on how the government made its policies. The rich had influence in the running of the government because their argument was that they contributed a lot to state revenue as compared to the poor. At first, markets were free, but soon it got complicated because well-established companies stamped authority on markets to the extent that small ones were being phased out. After an extensive investigation on the â€Å"robber barons,† the Sherman antitrust act was passed which focused on implementation of free trade. Though the act was poorly do cumented, it regulated the activities of worker's unions instead of countering monopolies practiced by the well-established firms. The act faced serious criticism and civil unrest until it was later amended to serve its intended purpose (Barney, 2007).The current economic prosperity and agricultural stability are as a result of a long journey the country has undergone to reach such heights. Much credit has been given to Abraham Lincoln who created the basis of the current democratic stability of the nation.

What does Intel's presentation of their financial information tell you Essay

What does Intel's presentation of their financial information tell you about how they use financial information in decision making - Essay Example According to Answers.com, financial information systems describe a "system that accumulates and analyzes financial data in order to make good financial management decisions in running the business.If managers at any company, including Intel, wish to make the best decisions possible, they need to have certain information readily accessible at their fingertips. Financial information can be used for the functions of planning, implementation, and control. The basic objective of the financial information system is to meet the firm's financial obligations as they come due, using the minimal amount of financial resources consistent with an established margin of safety. Outputs generated by the system include accounting reports, operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, cash flow forecast, and various What-If Analysis reports. The evaluation of financial data may be performed through ratio analysis, trend evaluation, and financial planning modeling. Financial planning and forec asting are facilitated if used in conjunction with a Decision Support System (DSS)" (2008). The purpose of this paper is to determine what Intel's presentation of their financial information tells you about how they use financial information in decision making.In order for any company, including Intel, to determine how it is performing in the marketplace, it must keep tabs on its financials at all times. This is often done in the form of financial statements such as the income statement and balance sheet. These two financial statements can provide very valuable information to managers and stakeholders provided they can be interpreted correctly and used accordingly. If they are utilized to their fullest extent, Intel can spotlight any challenges such as low sales or high costs early on and correct them. They can also use this financial information to determine whether or not inventory and credit are being mismanaged, if certain fixed assets are tying up too many funds, or to spot tre nds so that they can adjust the appropriate budgets accordingly. The bottom line to consider, however, is how these things affect the performance of management. Our case study tells us: As a case in point, consider Intel Corp., one of the leading lights of the technology sector for the past 30-some years. They've had their ups and downs, but have been reasonably consistently financially successful. And one of the reasons, of course, is that they have attended very carefully to the financials, and to their relationships with their investors. A quick visit to Intel's Investor Relations website reveals that the company provides certain types of information to the public and the financial markets. This information includes financial information such as earnings results, business outlook, annual reports, 10-Ks, proxy statements, fundamentals, financial statements, and SEC filings. They provide stock information such as a historical stock chart, historical price lookup, investment calculator, stock splits, stock buyback summary, dividend summary, SEC section 16 filings, analyst coverage, earnings estimates, Intel's Transfer Agent, stock purchase and dividend reinvestment. They also offer some of this information through online subscriptions (Intel, 2008). The way in which Intel uses financial information to make decisions is evident in their 10K statement. Underneath the 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations,' they state: We make equity investments in companies around the world to further our strategic objectives and support our key business initiatives, including investments through our Intel Capital program. We generally focus on investing in companies and initiatives to stimulate growth in the digital economy, create new business opportunities for Intel, and expand global markets for our products. The investments may support, among other things, Intel product initiatives, emerging trends in the technology industry, or worldwide Internet deployment. We invest in companies that develop software, hardware, or services supporting our technologies. Our current investment focus areas include